In the field of science, the production of chocolate and cupulate, the main products made from plant species of the genus Theobroma, are threatened by witches’ broom disease (WBD) caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa. But a little chocolate now and then doesn’t hurt”, is a famous saying by the American cartoonist Charles Schulz. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions.
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